Challenges in Big-Earth Observation Data Analytics for Global-Scale Mining Land Use Surveying .wu-logo-right[]

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.title[
# Challenges in Big-Earth Observation Data Analytics for Global-Scale Mining Land Use Surveying .wu-logo-right[]
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.subtitle[
## <b><br></b>
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.author[
### Dr Victor Maus<br>.font80[Institute for Ecological Economics<br>Vienna University of Economics and Business]<br>.font80[<a href="mailto:victor.maus@wu.ac.at" class="email">victor.maus@wu.ac.at</a>]<br>.font80[<a href='https://vwmaus.github.io'>vwmaus.github.io</a>]
]
.date[
### .right[.font80[XVIII International Congress for Mine Surveying, Oct 28, 2023, Xuzhou, China].footnote-right-title[Except where otherwise noted, content on these slides is licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0'>CC BY-SA 4.0 license</a>]]
]

???
<ul>
<li>
My name is Victor Maus
</li>
<br>
<li>
I’m a researcher at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU)
</li>
<br>
<li>
And I will talk about the challenges to scale mining land use mapping
</li>
<br>
<li>
But first, I want to tell you why we need reseach on global mining land use
</li>
<br>
<li>
And also why this is an important topic for IMS
</li>
</ul>

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.center[
<img src="./pnas-sonter2023-paths.png" width="70%" /><img src="./pnas-sonter2023.png" width="70%" />
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???

- To start with, I invite you to think of mining as a global process embedded in our economy

- Mining footprint spread globally

- Some nations have more of it -- some have less

- But in fact, mining present everywhere

- And assessing global impacts of mining is critical

- In particularly for energy traistion as impacts from nations will happend across their borders

- And I can ensure you, actors across supply value chains will require compliance

???

- So, if you are a research trying to understand the impact of energy transition

- A policy maker or even an investor that wants to make environmentally and sicially consious choses

- What you do?

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.footnote-right[Screenshot of [ESA CCI Land cover viewer](http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/)]

.bg-washed-blue.b--dark-blue.ba.bw0.br3.shadow-5.mh1.mt0.center.font-huw-red-dark.font200[**Global data sets do not address mining land use**]

???

- Well one would probably start with global data sets

- But they do not address mining land use

- Actually, it is worse than that, global maps commision mining land use into other land covewr types

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background-image: url("https://www.victor-maus.com/assets/talks/img/esa-cci-carajas.png")

???

- Particularly, urban areas

- As we can see in this map, one of the largest iron ore mine globally

- Located in Brazil

- Is mapped as urban area

- We will probably agree that, anyo of us would correctly label satellite images of this two areas

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# Identifying mining activities in satellite images <br>requires minimal training

.pull-left.center[
.bg-washed-blue.b--dark-blue.ba.bw0.br3.shadow-5.mh1.mt0.font100[
**Open cut of the Carajás Iron Mine, Brazil**
]
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://www.victor-maus.com/assets/talks/img/carajas-mine-satellite.png" height="350">
  <div class="copyright-bottom-left2 font-light">Figure: <a href="https://www.fineprint.global/viewer">FINEPRINT Viewer</a></div>
</div>
]

.pull-right.center[
.bg-washed-blue.b--dark-blue.ba.bw0.br3.shadow-5.mh1.mt0.font100[
**Parauapebas municipality, Brazil**
]
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://www.victor-maus.com/assets/talks/img/parauapebas-city-satellite.png" height="350"/>
  <div class="copyright-bottom-left2 font-light">Figure: <a href="https://www.fineprint.global/viewer">FINEPRINT Viewer</a></div>
</div>
]

.center.font-huw-red-dark.font150[
  **However, delineating mine areas is extremelly time-consuming**
]

???

- That is because we are pre-trained to this task

- Nevertheless,

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.footnote-right.font-light[[Maus et al. (2020, 2022)](http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01547-4) *Nature Scientific Data*]

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## How to keep track of existing mines and new ones? AI

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# What is a mine?

.pull-left.center[
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://images.saymedia-content.com/.image/t_share/MTc0MTExODE4NDE4MzAwNDgy/key-concepts-of-the-philosophy-of-plato.jpg" height="450">
</div>
**Plato**
]

.pull-right.center[
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg" height="450"/>
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**Ludwig Wittgenstein**
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# Mine

<br>
<br>
<br>
.font150["*An excavation or system of excavations made underground for the extraction of metals or metallic ores, coal, salt, precious stones, (less commonly) building stone, clay, etc.; an open-air excavation for the extraction of such substances. Also: a place where such excavations are conducted. Source: Oxford English Dictionay*"]

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## Mine land use composed of various land cover types

.center[<img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959378019305023-gr3.jpg" height="450"/>]

.footnote-right.font-light[[Werner et al. (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102007)]

.center.font-huw-red-dark.font150[
  **High intra-class variability *VS* inter-class separability**
]

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.pull-left[
.font-dark.left.font160.left[
AI algorithms trained with non-representative spatial distribution samples produce unreliable results!
]]

.pull-right.center[
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-022-29838-9/MediaObjects/41467_2022_29838_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp" height="600"/>
  <div class="copyright-bottom-left2 font-light"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29838-9">Meyer & Pebesma, 2022</a></div>
</div>
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# Summary

## What is mine land use?

## What is the separability limit for mine land use?

## How to unbias training and validation of models?

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### Can AI (computer vision) treat mines like dogs?
.pull-left.center[
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://www.victor-maus.com/assets/talks/img/dog-by-Tiina-Hayha-CC-BY-SA-4-0.jpg" height="350"/>
  <div class="copyright-bottom-left2">Photo by Tiina Häyhä <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0'>CC BY-SA 4.0 license</a></div>
</div>
# Thank you!
.font100[victor.maus@wu.ac.at]<br>
.font100[<a href='https://vwmaus.github.io'>vwmaus.github.io</a>]
]

.pull-right.center[
<div class="copyright-container">
  <img src="https://www.victor-maus.com/assets/talks/img/carajas-mine-satellite-dog.png" height="350"/>
  <div class="copyright-bottom-left2">Screenshots of <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/xDkqyGdMAn8ZJTZJ7">Google Maps</a></div>
</div>
<img src="https://www.victor-maus.com/assets/talks/img/qrcode_www.victor-maus.com.png" height="190"/><br>
]